Which protocol is used for error-checking during data transmission?

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is specifically designed to ensure reliable communication over a network. One of its key functions is error-checking, which it accomplishes through a process known as checksum verification. Each segment of data sent via TCP includes a checksum that allows the recipient to verify the integrity of the data received. If the calculated checksum of the received data does not match the received checksum, the data is considered corrupted, and TCP will retransmit the affected segments. This ensures that data is transmitted accurately and in the correct order, making TCP highly reliable for applications that require guaranteed delivery, such as web browsing, email, and file transfers.

In contrast, the other listed protocols do not inherently provide the same level of error-checking. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that does include a basic checksum for error-checking, but it does not guarantee delivery or assure that packets are received in order. HTTP operates as an application-layer protocol that relies on TCP for transport, meaning error-checking is managed by TCP rather than HTTP itself. Internet Protocol (IP) primarily focuses on addressing and routing packets across networks, and while it has some error-checking capabilities, it does not provide end-to-end error recovery like TCP does. Thus